Schools in Oakland, California, may have found the key to closing the achievement gap between African-American males and other groups of students, according to a recent report. In 2010, Oakland Unified School District (OUSD) began offering elective courses specifically for its lowest-performing students: African-American males. Several years later, the initiative, known as the Manhood Development Program (MDP), has been successful in narrowing achievement gaps and improving school culture, says the report from Vajra Watson, director of research and policy for equity at the University of California, Davis. "When students begin the program, many of them define blackness in America to be ugly, to be bad and all of these negative attributes," said Watson in audio that accompanied a January press release for the report.