During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was overwhelmed by the mass migration of scholars, intellectuals and professionals to the West. Referred to as a “brain drain,” the exodus of highly skilled workers that plagued the Soviet system was stymied by strict migration controls that included the virtual abolition of immigration that is perhaps best symbolized by the construction of the Berlin Wall. Within the past year, as Russian President Vladimir Putin has waged a war both overseas in Ukraine and against dissidents back home, nearly one million Russians have once again sought refuge abroad.